ILO Working Paper 140 (2025): Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Personal chefs cook for private individuals and families. This is an intimate human service. Demand is growing as a luxury personal service.
Personal chefs cook for private clients in their homes — preparing meals tailored to the client's specific dietary requirements, preferences, schedule, and lifestyle. This is an intimate personal service built on a close working relationship with the client.
AI recipe generation and meal planning tools can suggest menus and provide detailed cooking instructions. These are useful planning tools.
But the personal chef who shops for specific ingredients at the client's preferred suppliers, prepares meals to the client's specific taste preferences (evolved over time through the relationship), cooks in the client's kitchen with the client's equipment, manages special events and dietary restrictions with intimate knowledge of the family's needs, and provides the assurance of a trusted human professional handling the family's nutrition — this is a deeply personal service that AI cannot provide.
Growing UHNW population, post-pandemic health consciousness, and the experience economy are all driving growth in personal chef services.
These are the genuine threats to this profession. They are real, but they are not sufficient to overturn the fundamental analysis. Here is why.
Put the case that Personal Chef will not survive AI displacement. The system responds with counterarguments from the research base. Strong arguments shift the score — up to a maximum of ±15 points. The system is not an AI. It is a structured argument engine.
This question layer is generated from the job verdict, the resistance case, the regional rollout logic, and the evidence status of this page. Use the filters to focus the discussion, or trigger a random question and work through the role from multiple angles.
Safe to present as a framework-level forecast, provided the page remains labelled as interpretive and source-grounded rather than certain.
TIER 3 review queue with 7 core sources and 3 framework signals.
This page is grounded in task exposure research and labour-market trend reports, then translated into a reasoned occupation-level argument.
This site now treats exact timelines, total job-loss counts, and regional speed as interpretive estimates unless a cited source states them directly. The argument on this page should be read as a structured forecast, not a guaranteed future.
These impact figures are site estimates for comparison and should not be read as official labour-market counts.
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Finds clerical work is the most highly exposed occupational group and that augmentation is often more likely than full occupation automation.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Shows AI exposure is highest in many white-collar cognitive occupations, while manual occupations tend to have lower exposure.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Advanced economies are more exposed to AI because they have more cognitive-intensive jobs; infrastructure and skills limit adoption elsewhere.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Large-employer survey showing clerical roles among the fastest-declining and care, education, software and green-transition jobs among growth areas.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Notes substantial automation risk remains, while observed labour-market effects remain mixed rather than universally destructive.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Argues advanced economies are better positioned to benefit from AI due to infrastructure, skills, and institutions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗